Jon, I originally THOUGHT that the internal hard drive, which was writing data to the disk at the time of the bump, had been damaged and that is why I originally thought that I could confirm that was the problem by starting up on an external drive and seeing if all was fine. When it was not fine, my limited knowledge of t/s led me down the paths of using the various software tools I owned. When that did not work, I thought I was toast, but on a lark, thought to reset NVRAM. It was while I was doing this that I saw the access cover for the RAM, and then I vaguely remembered that removing those ram boards and reinserting them fixed some peoples' problems. Since I was at wits end, and looking at giving the PB to the repair guy, I thought I had nothing to loose by pulling and re-installing those boards. This "got nothing-to lose" whim came after 16+ hours of t/s. And, you know the rest..... Lee On Dec 16, 2008, at 1913, Jon Warms wrote: Lee- You were still using the internal ram memory boards when you started up from the external drive....