So what I don't understand is why /usr/bin/gnutar -cvf /Volumes/External/BRUBackups/annie/ backup-20060304-3.tar --show-omitted-dirs -X /usr/local/bruconfig/ gnuxpat2 -N /var/backup/BACKUP-0 / this has the correct semantics when gnuxpat2 contains nothing. but lets say I put in .Spotlight-V100 as the very first line Now when I have that as the first line and I execute the following. /usr/bin/gnutar -cvf /Volumes/External/BRUBackups/annie/ backup-20060304-3.tar --show-omitted-dirs -X /usr/local/bruconfig/ gnuxpat2 -N /var/backup/BACKUP-0 / it will no longer be an "incremental backup" but it will be a full backup. Doesn't make sense to me. Note: the exclusion is obeyed. ie. not Spotlight-V100 folder but it's adding stuff in the tar that has a mtime longer before the mtime of the BACKUP-0 file. ./ ._.DS_Store .DS_Store ._.hidden ._.hotfiles.btree ._.RegisterApplications.ted.tbu ._.TemporaryItems .TemporaryItems/ .TemporaryItems/folders.0/ .TemporaryItems/folders.0/TemporaryItems/ ._.Trashes .Trashes/ .Trashes/._501 .Trashes/501/ .vol/ .vol/234881026/ .vol/234881036/ Applications/ Strangely enough when I break this down to simple trivial example everything works as expected. Here's what I mean. annie:/tmp robert$ cat bla */*.txt so .txt files should be excluded annie:/tmp robert$ ls -al /tmp/now -rw-r--r-- 1 robert wheel 0 Mar 4 21:24 /tmp/now annie:/tmp robert$ ls -al /tmp/test total 0 drwxr-xr-x 8 robert wheel 272 Mar 4 21:46 . drwxrwxrwt 418 root wheel 14212 Mar 4 23:05 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 robert wheel 0 Mar 4 21:24 1 -rw-r--r-- 1 robert wheel 0 Mar 4 21:24 2 -rw-r--r-- 1 robert wheel 0 Mar 4 21:24 3 -rw-r--r-- 1 robert wheel 0 Mar 4 21:24 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 robert wheel 0 Mar 4 21:24 5 drwxr-xr-x 2 robert wheel 68 Mar 4 21:46 6.txt gnutar cvf test1.tar -N /tmp/now -X /tmp/bla test test/ test/4 test/5 these are the two files that were created after the file /tmp/now was created and notice the 6.txt was correctly excluded. So it all works when you break it down into a simple example like this. annie:/usr/local/bruconfig robert$ gnutar --version tar (GNU tar) 1.14 Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This program comes with NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. You may redistribute it under the terms of the GNU General Public License; see the file named COPYING for details. Written by John Gilmore and Jay Fenlason. Modified to support extended attributes.